LASER ACTIVE CRYSTAL: YAG
LASER ACTIVE CRYSTAL: YAG
Description
YAG, or yttrium aluminum garnet, is a common laser active crystal that is widely used in a variety of laser systems. YAG has a crystalline structure that allows it to amplify light through the process of stimulated emission. When YAG is excited by an external energy source, such as a flash lamp or diode, it emits light at a specific wavelength determined by the crystal's properties.
One of the primary advantages of YAG as a laser active crystal is its high thermal conductivity, which allows it to dissipate heat efficiently and operate at high power levels without damage. YAG also has a broad emission spectrum that can be tailored to specific applications by doping the crystal with different ions, such as neodymium or erbium.
Nd:YAG, or neodymium-doped YAG, is one of the most common types of YAG lasers. Nd:YAG lasers are used in a wide range of applications, including industrial cutting and welding, medical procedures, and scientific research. They emit light at a wavelength of 1064 nanometers, which is in the infrared part of the spectrum.
YAG crystals are also used in other types of lasers, such as Er:YAG (erbium-doped YAG) lasers, which emit light in the mid-infrared range, and Ho:YAG (holmium-doped YAG) lasers, which emit light at a wavelength of 2097 nanometers.
| Chemical formula | Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 | Er3+:Y3Al5O12 | Yb3+:Y3Al5O12 |
| Crystal structure | cubic | cubic | cubic |
| Dopant concentration, at.% | 0.7 - 1.1 | up to 50 | LOW: 6 - 8%, HIGH: 20% |
| Density, g/cm3 | 4.56 | 5,35 | 4.56 |
| Mohs hardness | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 |
| Thermal expansion coefficient | 7.8 x 10-6 x °K-1, <111> 8.2 x 10-6 x °K-1, <100> | 9,5 x 10-6 K-1 (a axis), 4,3 x 10-6 K-1 (b axis), 10,8 x 10-6 K-1 (c axis) | 7.8 x 10-6 x °K-1, <111>, 0 - 250 °C |
| Thermal conductivity at 25°C, W x cm-1 x °K-1 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.14 |
| Loss coefficient at 1064 nm, cm-1 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Refractive index, at 1 µm | 1.82 | 1.837 | 1.82 |
| Lasing wavelength, nm | 1064.0 | 2940 | 1030 |
Rods with round cross-sections are manufactured:
| Diameter, mm | (4 ÷ 8) ± 0.025 |
| Length, mm | up to 130 ± 0.5 |
| Flatness | < λ/10 |
| Parallelism, arc sec | < 10 |
| Perpendicularity, arc min | < 10 |
| Roughness, scratch/dig | 10 - 5 |
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